Unit 4 Business Communication

Verbal communication Verbal communication is when a person communicates with someone in a way that they can hear and understand each other. It can be done in many different ways such as telephone, face to face and meetings. Although verbal communication is the easiest it has its advantages and its disadvantages just like every way of communication. In terms of Tesco’s verbal communication the example are the following: * Customer services * Tannoy system * Meetings * Interaction with customersThe tannoy system is one way of the verbal communication in the Tesco industry they use them a lot for either flinging a lost child in the shop or getting staff to a till immediately this is one of the fastest ways of communication in a Tesco shop. The second way of communication in is meeting the also use them a lot because that’s one of the most important things in the business, they need to sit and discourse about what’s happening in the business what they need to do to m ake it better.The biggest and most important communication in Tesco is the verbal interaction with the customers. Written We see written information everywhere on a day to day base around Tesco information is any information written down in words or symbols. This is the one of the easiest ways to communicate with a person and written information can really help the customers that are deaf or hard hearing. * posters * letters * reports * PowerPoint * leaflets Web-based- Web bases information is collection and distributing information through the web or internet.For Tesco’s website web-based information can be used for in informing Competitor and performance for the customers the people that don’t know anything about the website and have an interest for chopping at Tesco’s and the staff within or outside the shop. * Internet * On-Screen On-screen information is any information that I presented on screen such as a presentation for collages by showing lessons, using the computer, this can apply to chats, web-based information, and computer information Multimedia Multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of media. This includes text, graphs, audio, video, etc.

Analysis of the poem A strange Meeting Essay

In the elegy â€Å"strange Meeting â€Å", Owen brings the horrors of wars and their devastating effect on those involved, he emphasizes their part in hindering the world from progress . War and death are presented in this poem through the story of two dead soldiers ,who fought on opposite sides , and who meet again in Hell . They speak of their shared hopefulness of the â€Å"undone years † . Owen’s manipulation of words and his use of artistic devices in the poem takes the reader to a vivid awareness of the real dreadfulness of battles and death. The speaker in the poem ,who is a soldier, starts the poem by saying that he seemed to † escape† the battle to somewhere else , a place he discovers later to be Hell . The mere use of the word † escape † implies that the speaker was trapped in war before he escapes to Hell which is , when compared to battle, a relief. Owen says that common words associated with wars like chivalry , courage and gallantry do not describe wars, not really, instead war is pain , sorrow and loss . He emphasizes on the destructiveness of wars to those involved . He says † yet also there encumbered sleepers groaned † , so they are † encumbered † physically with their uniforms and sacks and emotionally with too much sadness and sorrow brought to them by war . Those sleepers are † too fast in thought or death † to be stirred . One of those sleepers † sprang up † from death and smiles , although he smiles but still it is a smile of death . That man recognizes the speaker for he, the speaker, is the one who killed him as we know later in the poem . The poet describes this other man’s face as † grained † with † a thousand pains â€Å", pains from his previous life and past experiences in battle . Now they are in Hell , a place of anguish and despair , a place where shouts of pain and torment is expected , but oh no , not in this poem . Hell is a quit place where there is silence † yet no blood reached there from the upper ground † † and no guns thumped , or down the flues made moan † . So Own draws a picture of silence in Hell and contrasts this picture with battle where noise, blood and moans are everywhere . The speaker says about Hell that † here is no cause to mourn † no more grief or sadness . The stranger agrees with him † None † as if they are both relieved that it finally Al Neghaimshi 2 ended , finally they will rest . † Save the undone years , the hopelessness † This is their only regret . They shared so many in the past , the two of them , similar lives , experiences and similar horrors and pains that they could be called â€Å"friends † in spite of the fact that they are actually strangers . â€Å"Strange Friend † as paradoxical as it seems but still true , † Whatever hope is yours , was my life also † . Owen argues that wars † trek† the nations from progress and he calls it † retreating world † . The poet says † when much blood had clogged their chariot-wheels † he would go and † wash them † . Owen takes into his hands as a poet † to warn † as he said himself once , † Even with truths that lies too deep † . He says he will do it † not through wounds ; not on the cess of war † , so it is not through innocent people , not through wars that destroys the lives of many . † Forehead of men have bled where no wounds were † that’s a clear indication to the myth of Christ which says that before he was crucified his body sweat blood , He was the one who paid for the sins of the humankind and so are those men paying their lives in wars whom foreheads † bled where no wounds were † . † I am the enemy you killed , my friend † a beautiful line towards the end of the poem . Although we stand in life different and enemies , but we shared the same experience and will share the same destiny . He closes the poem by saying † let us sleep now ..† let us finally rest and forget the horrors and pains . So ironic of Owen to let his protagonist finally rest in † Hell† . Aren’t people who fight for their countries are supposed to be martyrs and go to Heaven ? It is Owen’s way of doubting the cause which wars stand for , the cause after all is false . Owen by letting his two protagonist rest in Hell , he also conveys the message that Mankind must seek reconciliation , stop this bloodshed , they must embrace pity and love for each other . Owen writes this beautiful elegy that talks about war and death , but what is most ironical is that he himself dies in war .

Monetary Policy in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Monetary Policy in China - Essay Example The China's central bank, People's Bank of China reflects the decision-making body's concern and aim for the change in policy. The article's primary economic element is the lowering of the interest rate in the economy. This lowering of the benchmark interest rate has an effect on the country's monetary policy and money supply. According to Bradsher in the article, "effective Tuesday, the People's Bank of China lowered by 0.27 percent, to 7.2 percent, the regulated benchmark rate that commercial banks may charge for one-year loans to business borrowers with strong credit histories. Rates for shorter-term loans will be generally cut even more while rates for longer-term loans will be subject to smaller adjustments, the central bank said, without providing details (September 2008)." By lowering the interest rate, the central bank aims to signal to commercial banks to lower the lending rate. By lowering the lending rate, the country aims to make funds more accessible to business borrowers. In figure 1.1, China's benchmark rate is lowered. The interest rate aims to lower the money supply in the country. By lowering the money supply coupled with less stringent limits on lending, China's Politburo aims to "protect the country from the global economic downturn." By loweri... owering the money supply coupled with less stringent limits on lending, China's Politburo aims to "protect the country from the global economic downturn." By lowering the interest rate, China aims to signal commercial banks to lower down their lending rate which makes the cost of accessing financing lower. As is shown in figure 1.2 and 1.3, lowering the interest rates lower the costs to financing, which increases the investments in an economy. This increase in investments due to lower costs of financing that is brought by this change in monetary policy does not increase proportionately in the economy. Figure 1.4 shows the effect of the increase in investment in the economy. Because of the multiplier model, the increase in the investment is affected by a given multiplier in an economy; thus the economy rises so much more for every increase in the investment due to the lowering of interest rates as part of the monetary policy. Figure 1.5 shows the effect of the monetary policy on the aggregate demand of the economy. Due to the increase in investments, the aggregate demand curve shifts to the right which increases the gross domestic output in the economy. Conclusion The monetary policy that has been announced by China's Politburo and People's Bank of China includes lowering down the interest rates. By lowering the interest rates, the central bank signaled the commercial banks to lower down the interest rates that are charged to business borrowers. This change in monetary policy aims to lower down the cost of borrowing money which will provide more funds accessible; more available funds are aimed to be channeled down to business owners as less stringent limits on lending are enforced as part of the policy. By lowering the interest rates, the government aims to

Overview the legislation that impacts the workplace in Canada at both Research Paper

Overview the legislation that impacts the workplace in Canada at both the provincial and federal levels - Research Paper Example rengthened the legal claims of employees while encroaching upon workplace norms that were formed through collective agreements and managerial prerogatives. The inclusion of human rights as part of the legislation impacting the workplace in Canada was achieved through the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which forms part of the constitution Act 1982. Hogg (1982) explains that the Charter is a set of laws outlining the basic rules about how the nation operates. It describes the powers of the provincial governments and the federal government in Canada. It also outlines the rights and freedoms that the Canadian people believe are necessary and important in a free and democratic society. The Charter has had a notable indirect impact on both public employers and private employers who are not considered as government employees because of its application to both provincial and federal human rights legislation. Black-Branch (1995) states that the government has amended these human rights statutes through judicial interpretation in order to conform with the Charter. The impact of this process is the making of Charter principles that are directly applicable to all workplaces in Canada. Some of the rights in the Charter are the right to live and seek/get employment anywhere in Canada and the right to equality, including gender equality. Generally, the provincial and federal legislations in Canada affecting the workplace govern issues such as labour relations, human rights and workplace health and safety. Section 15(1) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees individuals with disabilities the right to equal benefit and equal protection of the law and without discrimination by the Canadian government, agents of the government and its delegates. It also protects individuals with mental disabilities and this interpretation has been expanded to include individuals with learning disabilities. Employers governed by the Charter must therefore provide equal

Article analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis - Article Example While Coca Cola is the main product of the company, it produces a range of products that include but are not limited to Appletiser, Beat Soda, Cherry Vanilla, Coca Cola with Lemon, Diet Coke, Raspberry Coke, New Coke, Sprite, and Sarsi. The second of the 4 P’s i.e. the price of Coca Cola is only $2 per bottle that contains 2 liters of the drink that essentially means a dollar a liter. However, the 2-liter bottle is available on sale in certain places for only $.99. Coca Cola can be purchased from a variety of places ranging from petty tuck shops to large utility stores and gas stations, place being the third P of marketing. The fourth P i.e. promotion is the most important factor which Coca Cola uses to gain competitive advantage in the market. Coca Cola is promoted in exciting ways. For instance, if a consumer manages to show a winning cap to a shopkeeper from one of the bottles the consumer has drunk before, he/she is entitled to a new free bottle. Coca Cola also promotes it s product by getting the consumers free in the theme parks during the super bowl. The main product of Coca Cola is the soft-drink that is available in almost all countries around the globe at a very reasonable and affordable price. Coca Cola adopts creative and innovative strategies to promote its products as will be discussed shortly. The product is equally popular among people of all ages except for infants. The competitive advantage of Coca Cola is its innovation and corporate social responsibility. Coca Cola is undeniably the most popular and respectable brand that has gained global recognition since its inception in 1866. The unique marketing strategies of Coca Cola since the time of establishment of this company has left its competitors surprised. There has been a continuous modification in the brand positioning of Coca Cola and its packaging over the decades. Coca Cola has always aligned itself closely with innovation and consumer sophistication. Coca Cola always associates i tself with events of global significance specially sports that are watched all over the world in such creative ways as making songs. Factors commonly used in Coke branding include the feeling of happiness and unity that reflect in the songs and advertisements the company makes. The main themes of events that Coca Cola focuses on and associates with include but are not limited to the connection of people by family, sports, and culture etc. Coca Cola has its huge fan-following on social media websites like Facebook and Twitter where they watch Coke videos and comment. The senior vice president of Coke, Wendy Clark said, â€Å"having all those fans respond to Coke is meaningful because fans are twice as likely to consume and 10 times more likely to purchase than non-fans† (Siddiqui). Coca Cola also takes care of environment which is yet another way to brighten its image in the public eye. In fact, corporate social responsibility is what provides Coca Cola with competitive advant age. This can be assessed from the recent pledge made by Coca Cola to recycle the plastic bottles taken from the Olympics 2012 in London to produce 80 million new bottles of Coke within only a month and a half of the ceremony’s end. This plan is hoped to accommodate about one-fifth of the total waste generated during the Olympics games. In addition to this, Coca Cola has introduced a Coke can that is white in

Award Winning Books Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Award Winning Books - Annotated Bibliography Example As an immigrant he experiences both failures and triumphs as he continues to hope that his mother is alive. Written in free verse, the book highlights the importance of attitude to the achievement of goals for young readers. The year 1845 in Ireland, when overnight a mysterious blight attacked the potato crops turning them black and threatening food supply of 6 million people. The blight continued on for the next 5 years causing 1 million deaths and 2 million Irish fleeing their homeland. Ethnic and religious prejudices are tackled in the book as well as references to present crises in society. The book also features black and white sketches gathered from contemporary newspapers during the period. The author portrays how the young people of Germany became loyal to Hitler including interviews with surviving Hitler Youth members. It highlights Hitler's tactics for dominating the young people who were "a powerful political force". The book includes stories of young heroes who dared to oppose Hitler as well as those who opted to support him. M.L.K. is Marthin Luther King, Jr. and this book is his biography as told by Bolden in words and scrapbook pictures. The book focuses on MLK's principle of selfless love for one's neighbor as he expounded in his sermons, his daily life and his support of nonviolent protests, and is very inspirational for young readers. Genre: Biography, Nonfiction Suggested Grade Level: Grades 5-8 Awards/ Honors: NCTE Orbis Pictus Award for Outstanding Nonfiction for Children Winner 2008 Burns, L. (2007). Tracking trash: flotsam, jetsam, and the science of ocean motion. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Company. Dr. Curtis Ebbesmeyer is an oceanographer whose attention is drawn to ocean trash in the form of Nike sneakers appearing on the beaches in Seattle. With volunteer beachcombers and supportive fellow scientists Dr. Curt tracks ocean trash while studying ocean currents. Frightening accounts about trash destroying birds and sea creatures form the climax, which is resolved by the work of the scientists which prevent further destruction. The book is about marine environment conservation and the science of ocean currents and includes a glossary and lists of related books and

Answer brief question about budhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer brief question about budhism - Essay Example Although I agree that the states of nirodha and nirvana relieve one of all tensions, yet these states are only myths for individuals who are in their senses, and are thus unattainable in the real sense. Likewise, the concept of a path in which there is no suffering at all is false. Concluding, I feel that all truths are objectionable except for the second one. 2. Ans. Budda is thought of as Vishnu’s Avatar in Hinduism. Bhagavata Purana considers Buddha as the 24th avatar, and says that Buddha prefigures the last incarnation. Likewise, many Hindus consider Buddha as the 9th avatar. I disagree with the belief that Buddha is similar to a Hindu god in figure. Affiliating the figure of Buddha with the Hindu god is a viewpoint that tries to merge Buddhism into Hinduism, whereas the two are totally different religions in reality. The teachings of the Buddha deny Veda’s authority. 3. Ans. Symbols in Buddhism are meaningful. They represent certain concepts and convey certain mes sages. Quite often, symbols boost the communication and enhance the conveyance of concepts. â€Å"â€Å"Mandala,† a Sanskrit word literally meaning, â€Å"a circle and surroundings,† is a universal symbol of enlightenment for both the viewer and the artist† (Webster University). Mandala is of a huge significance in the Buddhists’ worship.

Week 1 H Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 1 H - Essay Example Time stamps are vital in supporting multiple authentications that lack multiple requests in an authentication server (Coulouris, Dollimore & Kindberg 2006, p.550). In Kerberos protocol, timestamps are useful as nonce’s preventing dependence of synchronized clocks. The use of timestamps with Kerberos demonstrates a protocol that utilizes four messages to perform identification. Utilization of time stamps ensures removal of messages in the process of decreasing the message number in the requirement for authentication (Coulouris, Dollimore & Kindberg 2006, p.551). Use of timestamps may support single way identification especially, when a communication server operating in a single direction is evident (Anderson, 2008). The design of Kerberos serves as a reducer of state at the final server; the use of the time stamps ensures avoidance of per-connection (Anderson, 2008). Time stamps are sufficient in the case of protocols that do not compose of states. Timestamps provides a basis for proper server operation because it is not mandatory for the server to remain in an active state while in wait for message reception (Coulouris, Dollimore & Kindberg, 2006). Making the window narrow is vital in ensuring reduction of impending states. A timestamp can be in use as a nonce where client generation is a need. Timestamps is fundamental in Kerberos protocol because they enhance fresh conveyance of messages from the client to the final server. Utilizing timestamps as nonce is fundamental because it maintains security of the recognition protocol (Anderson, 2008). The use of Kerberos with the timestamps ensures regulation of access time to prevent eavesdropping. Eavesdropping allows unknown individuals to gain access to systems by acquiring vital information such consisting passwords. Kerberos ensures secure network where pretense becomes difficult (Anderson, 2008). A secure protocol will

Capital Punishment Why The South Is So Dirty Research Proposal

Capital Punishment Why The South Is So Dirty - Research Proposal Example Ironically, it has come at a time when the president of the country is an African-American who was thought to have been elected without the intervention of color, race or ethnic origin. This is somewhat manifest in two households in Orangeburg, South Carolina. The white Bolen family has antique wooden clocks on the wall. Coca-cola memorabilia decorate the house. They did not watch when President Obama delivered his health-care speech on television because they believe he is a liar. The congressman representing them is Joe Wilson, the Obama heckler. Some blocks away is the Elmore home where a portrait of civil rights movement activist Martin Luther King, Jr. is prominent. Obama campaign keepsakes are all around one of which says "Yes, We Did." The Elmore family is black; so is their representative in congress, James E. Clyburn, a top ranking Democrat who initiated the moves to punish Wilson for the heckling. Orangeburg appears to be booming and is attractive to investors. In one fundr aiser for a local technical school, people were talking about race. One state senator opined that Joe Wilson's inappropriate misdeed had nothing to do with race. This local legislator who made the comment about Wilson is a white but is supported by both black and white voters. (Tucker, Philip. In S.C., One Road Divides Two Ways of Thinking. September 22, 2009. The Washington Post. [internet]. With the above-cited circumstances, it is not easy to answer any question pertaining to whether or not there is a racist divide in the south or whether or not there is bias against the blacks in that part of the United States. This can be a more particular concern if the subject of analysis is capital punishment which involves the fate of human life. Capital punishment is not imposable in all the states of America. Even in those jurisdictions where there is a statutory provision for the death penalty, carrying it out is rare. A look at the number of executions will give a preliminary guide. Thirty seven convicts were executed in 2008 in nine states broken down according to location as follows - Texas 18 Virginia 4 Georgia 3 South Carolina 3 Florida 2 Mississippi 2 Ohio 2 Oklahoma 2 Kentucky 1 Of the aforementioned thirty seven, twenty (20) or fifty four per cent (54%) were white and seventeen (17) or forty six per cent (46%) were black. All of them were men. All of the nine states included above except for Ohio are situated in the south or in the nearest south. As of the end of the year 2006, there were 3,233 prisoners with pending death sentences in thirty five (35) states and the federal prison system while there were only 3,220 such prisoners as of the end of 2007. That is a reduction of thirteen (13) prisoners under sentence of death. The United States Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty in 1976. On record from that time until date, more than

Equity and Trusts (England and Wales) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Equity and Trusts (England and Wales) - Essay Example d her children in equal shares. Thus there can be no doubt that Sir Clarence intended to create a trust out of the transfer of the property/gifts to Tilda. In order to give effect to Sir Clarence’s intention to create a trust, certainty of subject and object must be satisfactorily established.4 In this regard, certainty of subject matter is sufficiently established if the property transferred or to be transferred to the trust can be identified and administratively workable.5 The sum of money transferred to Tilda to administer is specific and certainly capable of division and is thus identifiable and readily administrable. Since the seaside property was transferred to Tilda, the seaside cottage is likewise identifiable and administrable. Certainty of objects is established if the words used to describe the beneficiaries are sufficient for the courts or the trustees to identify and administer the trust among specific beneficiaries or a class of beneficiaries.6 In a discretionary trusts, the trustees need only be able to identify by virtue of an in or out test, who the beneficiaries are. However with a fixed trust, as this particular trust appears to be, the trustees must be in a position to draw up a complete list of all of the beneficiaries.7 Even so the in or out test will be effective for determining who Davina’s children are. It is also possible to draw up a complete list of the beneficiaries. Therefore whether or not the trust is discretionary or a fixed trust, certainty of objects can be established. Tilda, who is Sir Clarence’s friend should certainly be able to identify Davina and her children. Likewise the courts can easily identify who Davina’s children are as births are a matter of public record. Thus far it has been established that the three certainties have been satisfied in the gifts to Davina and her children. However, the disposition of the freehold in the cottage to Tilda upon trust for Davina and her children cannot be enforced unless it meets the formal requirements for the disposition of an equitable interests in land pursuant to Section 53(1)(c) of the Law of Property Act, 1925. Section 53(1)(c) of the Law of Property Act 1925 provides that the disposition of an equitable interests in land must be evidenced in writing.8 It therefore follows that while the gift of 200,000 pounds forms the subject of a valid trust, the seaside cottage does not since it does not meet the requirements of Section 53(1)(c) of the Law of Property Act, 1925. Therefore the principle of resulting trusts is relevant. A resulting trust will arise to essentially transfer the property back to Sir Clarence. This is possible because the resulting trust functions to give effect to that which is conscionable.9 In particular a resulting trust will arise when both the trustee and the settlor agreed and know that the settlor never intended to transfer the property to the trustee absolutely or the trustee treats the property in a way that does not correspond with the settlor’

Signficance Of The Study Essay Example for Free

Signficance Of The Study Essay Our study, which is how to make an effective Floorwax without using gas . Instead We used cooking oil (used). It has a lot of significance on life of everyone. The first one is that it helps us avoid Respiratory Diseases, how? For example You’ll use a Floorwax cleaning the floor because of the gas contained on it you may take the gas emitted by the Floorwax and it may affect your Respiratory System. Another importance of our study is it’s materials, especially the used cooking oil, because it’s already used you don’t need to buy it in the market just recycle your cooking oil and it’ll be good. Another significance of this study is observable when you apply it , Normal Floorwax was easily remove when water mixed on it , but on Our study it can’t removed easily by the water. Though Our study was just simple it has a lot of significance that may help the user with it,

Philosophy of Samsung

Philosophy of Samsung Question 1 Samsung is a popular name in almost every household across the world. Samsung group products range from phones to washing machine. Emerging in the 1928 as a food exporter in Korea, shipping seafoods to China (Nytimes.com, 2013). Prior to becoming Samsung Electronics, between 1950 and 1960, Samsung got into business like textiles and manufacturing (Kovach, 2013). Business of textiles and manufacturing proved to be successful to Samsung because their profits had soared by 20-folds (Fundinguniverse.com, 2002). During the late 60s, Samsung group became Samsung Electronics, mainly responsible for manufacturing television. It made its first black and white television in 1970. Parallel to producing electronic goods such as television, Samsung became a part of many service businesses including insurance, department store and security. Samsungs founder Lee Byung-Chull was charged with corruption during the 1960s, which is when Samsung tasted its bitter time period. However the charges dropped as it was proved to be a result of fabrication (Fundinguniverse.com, 2002). Nevertheless, after the release of Lee, due to the start of electronics sale, Samsung continued to witness growth between 1970 and 1980. In the year of 1980, Samsung had bought a well-known telecommunication company known as Hanguk Jeonja Tongsin (Kovach, 2013). As a result, Samsung started the production of telephone, fax machines and switchboards. Despite Samsungs founders death, Samsung maintained its core values and approaches. Its standards could allow for continual expansion (Mathew, 2012). It invested money in research to develop new technology which brought Samsung a good outcome. It is evident in 1992 when Samsung became the only brand name to produce memory chips. Huge profits were made during 1995 when Samsung build Liquid Crystal Display screen (Lim and Park, 2012). Samsungs mass electronics production did not leave it behind in other industries it had invested in. Its construction division was able to conduct big projects like the Burj Khalifa and the Petronas Tower (Kovach, 2013). Recently Samsung surfaced in media reports for all the wrong reasons. These included, the vice-chairman of Samsung, Lee Jae-Yong arrested and Samsung Galaxy Note 7 catching on fire. According to Appendix 1, it is evident that an influential chaebol like Samsung are deeply connected and have ties with government. Opposing the Chaebol system is opposing government which got Lee facing charges of bribery and corruption. Furthermore, it is important to understand that company like Samsung are grounded by the Korean values and the Chaebols do not necessarily accept westernised method of working. Lees western education gave him the vision to change the way this Chaebol functions but as his friend quoted he still operates in a very much Koreanised economic, political and business environment, indicating that the government is not willing to sacrifice the years of traditions and culture that the Chaebols were founded upon (Martin and Cheng, 2017). In short, Samsungs philosophy is described as Inspired by humans, creating the future (Design.samsung.com, 2014). This implies Samsung values the ideas spawned by people and believes that it is essential for us to construct the future in terms of building new technology and revolutionising the way technology plays its role in the society. It also mentions about sustainable values which Samsung promotes, not only to its employees but also to the wide community to build designs and use technology that is compatible with the environment (Design.samsung.com, 2014). Samsungs aim also includes to bring joy and meaning to our lives, focusing on developing the technology that empowers us (Design.samsung.com, 2014). Samsung stands by its three goals which are: balance of reasoning and feeling, simplicity with resonance and meaningful innovation. Keeping into account with its history and understanding its goals for the future, it is valid to conclude that Samsungs approach to future is to inte grate technology in our lives to move forward into the future. Question 2 Chaebol is a style that emerged in the early sixties in South Korea. It is a style started by a conglomerate of businesses that were formed through various strategies introduced by the government, in order to build the Korean economy post war (Stephen, n.d.). The centralised ownership of business like the Chaebol, is leading the Korean economy ever since its creation. Parallel to western style, the organisation/s is owned by the founders family, where the professionals manage and owner earns the credits of both owning and managing the organisation. Chaebol implemented policies that promoted manufacturing industries and exporting of goods which were in synchronisation with the world economic trend, therefore stabilising Korean economic growth and development (Murillo and Sung, 2013). Central leadership to work towards national development and cultural emphasis on acceptance of authority are key features of Korean society which Chaebol implemented into its work management. This as a result made Chaebol grow towards success. Samsung and LG are examples of prominent chaebols known today. Organisation culture is the way members of the particular organisation behave with each other as a result of shared values, beliefs and assumption (Robbins and Coulter, 2012). This is particularly important to highlight when discussing Chaebols organisational culture. Koreas Chaebol is known for its distinguishing management style. Some of its many key features include: self-made founders, management by clan and tight ties with the government (Yoo and Lee, 1987). The management style of Chaebol is that of top-down management. The owners or founders have large influence in the management of Chaebol. Chaebols are largely influenced by the Korean values which sustain Chaebols success (Economist.com, 2017). Its rise in the 1960s meant that the working style was similar to that of colonial Japanese Zaibatsu, however the Korean Chaebols management stick to Confucians tradition, which Korean society is significantly based on. The Confucian tradition promotes the necessity and strength in fa milial relations. Hence the owners are regarded as the father-figure while the employees maintain their sense of belonging through brotherhood (Rhyu, 2017). Confucian culture is not only embedded within the firms but also forms the basis for the management of powerful ties between Chaebol and the government (Rhyu, 2017). The time period of 1960 was also a factor that gave Chaebols a unique characteristic. Conflict during that time had a huge impact on shaping management practices upheld by the rising Chaebols. In order to establish strong relation between the employee and the company, Chaebols used military disciplines which meant new employee had to undergo training. Training included the learning the firms principles in order to uphold the organisations culture (Economist.com, 2017). Question 3 Due to recent incidents of Samsung phone overheating and catching on flames, Samsung witnessed a huge market share decline. The Korean company had to recall all the Galaxy Note 7 that was sold. It had to recall close to 3 million phones costing Samsung more than $5billion. However the replacement phones also caused overheating. This not only affected the companys market share and position but hit the companys reputation (Hollister, 2016). Shares plummeted so much that it was cut by $17 billion from its market. This left Samsung frantically searching for the reason behind the phones defect. The drop in market value was 8% which was recorded the highest since 2008 (Lee, Kim and Kim, 2016). These phones caught on fire due to battery defects. The battery defects was a result of design flaw. The phone design was not compatible with the battery that was supposed to be fit into the phone. Research reveals that the thin sheets of plastic separating the positive and negative sides had slightl y touched at the edges due to stress hence created a puncture point. This point became least resistant to electric flow and caused the phone to eventually overheat to the point of bursting into flames. Phone industries continue to use lithium batteries despite the risk but lithium battery was not the reason for Samsung Galaxy Note 7 to catch on fire (Tibken and Cheng, 2017). According to Gartner, the worldwide sale of smartphones had increased by 7%. Samsung was No. 1 in Global Smartphone ranking, however after the Galaxy Note 7 incident, during the fourth quarter of 2016, Apple took the No. 1 spot, pushing Samsung to the 2nd position on the Chart (Miller, 2017). Samsung suffered a blow due to the Galaxy Note 7, so it is imperative to be successful with the next new device it introduces to regain its momentum in the market (Titcomb, 2016). Question 4 Every organisation represents and stand by the values that it was founded upon. Similarly, Samsung also represents the values it set when it was founded. It has also set goals which allows the organisation to work towards. Samsung, to be a leading smartphone producer, has taken years of shaping the way the organisation works and made improvements where required such as adopting western ethics and code of conduct. Recently, the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 has caused severe damage and loss to Samsung (Titcomb, 2016). Although its ranking on the global smartphone has fallen from the first to second, the monetary loss and the blow to its reputation was great (Titcomb, 2016). Samsungs incident with Galaxy Note 7 is not reflection of its standards because as mentioned above, there has been events in history of Samsung that caused Samsung loss, both in money and reputation but it is because of its standards it has risen out the troubles. In the incident with the Galaxy Note 7, Samsung has display ed the fact that the company shows quick response to any defects with its products. Samsung acted swiftly when it was notified about its products catching fire (Tibken and Cheng, 2017). Hence in terms of the way the organisation responds is something that should continue not be changed. However, as CEO, it would be necessary to change the testing process prior to launching any product. For Samsung, it just not about just good ideas and new designs, it should be the implementation of that good idea. For example, smartphone producers like Samsung and Apple have been using lithium battery for all their technologies so far but it is vital for them to test it and understand whether the new technology that they have designed is compatible with the battery (Tibken and Cheng, 2017). As CEO, after the Galaxy Note incident, it is essential that Samsung moves forward with technology but keeping into account whether the new technology is compatible with the parts that are not new. As CEO, the workforce should look the way it is but since there are many factors affect work environment, it is essential to take them into consideration. For example, it is understandable that parts of any products are manufactured all around the world, however it is difficult to trace back especially when the product has a defect like how it happened with the Galaxy Note 7 (Mack, 2012). Due to this incident, I would implement a change in the workforce. I would want the testing department to rigorously test components designed and also test after the components that have returned from the foreign country that has built it. Such thorough testing is important in order to not only maintain the reputation of the organisation but also stand firm with the organisations goal to deliver quality products and service. Samsung organisation follows the Korean values which it is founded upon. These values have enabled it to work smoothly within Korea but expand worldwide (Rhyu, 2017). The types of employees that would be hired are the ones that uphold the organisations values. Employees who contributing to make Samsung meet its goals are the sort of employees that would be hired. Employees should be aware of the culture that the organisation is founded upon and must integrate with the organisation. Bibliography Design.samsung.com. (2014). SAMSUNG DESIGN PHILOSOPHY. [online] Available at: http://design.samsung.com/global/contents/samsung_philosophy/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017]. Economist.com. (2017). Corporate culture in South Korea Loosening their ties. [online] Available at: http://www.economist.com/news/business/21679214-punishing-work-culture-gradually-being-relaxed-loosening-their-ties [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Fundinguniverse.com. (2002). History of Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. FundingUniverse. [online] Available at: http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/samsung-electronics-co-ltd-history/ [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Hollister, S. (2016). Heres why Samsung Note 7 phones are catching fire. [online] CNET. Available at: https://www.cnet.com/au/news/why-is-samsung-galaxy-note-7-exploding-overheating/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017]. Kovach, S. (2013). How Samsung Went From A Dried Fish Exporter To One Of The Top Names In Tech. [online] Business Insider Australia. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/history-of-samsung-2013-2?r=USIR=T#samsung-was-founded-by-byung-chull-lee-in-1938-in-taegu-korea-the-company-started-as-a-food-exporter-in-korea-and-shipped-items-like-dried-fish-and-flour-to-china-1 [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Lee, Y., Kim, H. and Kim, S. (2016). Samsung Market Value Plummets $17 Billion on Note 7 Sales Halt. [online] Bloomberg.com. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-10/samsung-crisis-raises-prospect-note-7-could-head-to-scrapheap [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Lim, B. and Park, K. (2012). The Success Story of Samsung Electronics: How It All Began | Samsung Official Blog: Samsung Village. [online] Samsung Official Blog: Samsung Village. Available at: http://www.samsungvillage.com/blog/2012/06/01/samsungblog-the-success-story-of-samsung-electronics-how-it-all-began/ [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Mack, E. (2012). Are any smartphones not made in China?. [online] CNET. Available at: https://www.cnet.com/au/news/are-any-smartphones-not-made-in-china/ [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Martin, T., Cheng, J., (2017) Samsung heir Lee Jae-yong spiral to bottom Wall Street Journal in The Australian URL: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/wall-street-journal/samsung-heir-leejaeyong-spiral-to-bottom/news-story/f39e503332b7cb1b8b5db302c2ac7c67 (accessed 22/2/17). Mathew, A. (2012). Samsung Story History, Founder, Founded, CEO | Conglomerate Companies | SuccessStory. [online] Successstory.com. Available at: https://successstory.com/companies/samsung-group [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Miller, C. (2017). Latest Gartner data shows Apple edge out Samsung in market share during Q4 2016. [online] 9to5Mac. Available at: https://9to5mac.com/2017/02/15/samsung-loses-market-share-to-apple-in-q4-2016/ [Accessed 12 Mar. 2017]. Murillo, D. and Sung, Y. (2013). Understanding Korean Capitalism: Chaebols and their Corporate Governance. ESADEgeo-CENTRE FOR GLOBAL ECONOMY AND GEOPOLITICS. [online] Available at: http://Understanding Korean Capitalism: Chaebols and their Corporate Governance [Accessed 16 Mar. 2017]. Nytimes.com. (2013). From Fish Trader to Smartphone Maker. [online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/15/technology/samsung-timeline.html?_r=1 [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Rhyu, S. (2017). Confucianist Culture and Institutional Change: the Growth and Reform of the Korean Chaebols |. [online] Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Available at: http://journal.georgetown.edu/confucianist-culture-and-institutional-change-the-growth-and-reform-of-the-korean-chaebols/ [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Robbins, S. and Coulter, M. (2012). Management. 11th ed. New York: Pearson Education. Stephen, K. (n.d.). Chaebol Structure. Hanyang University. [online] Available at: https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=4ved=0ahUKEwjFlMbb7fPSAhVO42MKHUg_DbQQFggsMAMurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kasba.or.kr%2Fezboard%2Fdownload.php%3Fmode%3Ddown%26UID%3D115%26idx%3D1%26BID%3Dboard09%26GID%3Droot%26sysop%3D%26fm%3D%26BType%3D%26ListMax%3Dusg=AFQjCNG7C_C-7QU9U9MdlNEgCoeKRM5Gzwbvm=bv.150729734,d.cGccad=rja [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Tibken, S. and Cheng, R. (2017). Samsung answers burning Note 7 questions, vows better batteries. [online] CNET. Available at: https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-answers-burning-note-7-questions-vows-better-batteries/ [Accessed 12 Mar. 2017]. Titcomb, J. (2016). Samsung and Apples grip on smartphone market slips to less than one in three sales. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/11/17/samsung-and-apples-grip-on-smartphone-market-slips-to-less-than/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017]. Yoo, S. and Lee, S. (1987). Management Style and Practice of Korean Chaebols. CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW, [online] 29(4). Available at: https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=4cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiTp6-57PPSAhVY2GMKHUvYCMkQFggrMAMurl=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.2307%2F41162133usg=AFQjCNEOxdFT3forMhyRghBP0BXffWTcfAbvm=bv.150729734,d.dGc [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017].

Gender differences in the criminal justice system

Gender differences in the criminal justice system The Corsten Report (2007) on women in the criminal justice system states that ‘equal outcomes require different approaches’. Critically consider this statement with reference to research and practice. In order to demonstrate that equal outcomes for women do require different approaches within the criminal justice system, this essay intends to look at the behavioural and situational differences between female and male offenders. It will highlight the inadequate facilities available for female prisoners. It will also look at the historical differences between crimes committed by males and females and the growing trend of women involvement in drug offences. This essay will also examine the status of mental health of women within the criminal justice system and explore if this issue is more prevalent amongst female offenders. ‘Women and men are different. Equal treatment of men and women does not result in equal outcomes.’ (Corsten Report, 16: 2007) According to Covington and Bloom (2003) numerous feminist writers have demonstrated and documented the patriarchal nature of our society and the variety of ways in which the patriarchal values serve masculine needs. ‘Despite claims to the contrary, masculinist epistemologies are built upon values that promote masculine needs and desires, making all others invisible’ (Kaschak, 11: 1992). Women are often invisible in the many angles of the correctional system, and this invisibility can act as a form of oppression. Most prisons and institutions are not specific to women’s needs. For example, mother and baby units are limited within the prison system. The UK government website reports that there are only seven prisons within the UK that provide this service. This service may be detrimental to a mother bonding with her child. Another consequence of limited mother and baby units is that the mother and child will be separated and this may result in the child being placed with a relative, or in some cases the care of the state. The Criminal Justice Inspection Northern Ireland (CJINI) highlighted inadequate services for women within the prison services in Northern Ireland. Ash House is Northern Ireland’s only female prison and holds up to seventy-one women. This is situated within a predominately male prison. Covington and Bloom (2003) argue that there are numerous areas in which day-to-day practice in the criminal justice system ignores behavioural and situational differences between females and male offenders. Probation officers may have to consider the situational differences between female and male offenders. For example, recommending a custodial sentence for a pregnant woman may have long term emotional implications for both mother and child. It is important to note that an understanding of the distinction between sex differences and gender differences, are relevant to practice within the criminal justice system. According to Covington and Bloom (2003) sex differences are biologically determined, however, gender differences are socially constructed. They are assigned by society and they relate to expected social roles. However, do crimes committed by men differ from crimes committed by women? The Ministry of Justice statistics 2011 state that women are more likely to commit crimes such as shop lifting and theft, while men are more prone to violent crimes. Pat Carlen (1998: 10) notes that women’s imprisonment ‘incorporates and amplifies all the anti-social modes of control that oppress women outside prison’. According to Scraton and Moore (2006) what persists is the failure within the criminal justice system to accept that women’s crimes are different to men’s, committed in different circumstances. The National Prison Survey (1992) supports the argument that ‘the economic, ideological and political conditions in which most women break the law are different to those in which most men commit crime and that, therefore, they pose less of a threat to society and could be safely punished in the community.’ (National Prison Survey, 1992). However, some commentators claim that there is an increase in some violent and drug offences committed by women. According to Corsten Report (2007) despite an increase in some violent and drugs offences by women, the nature and seriousness of women’s offending has not, on the whole, been getting worse and the disproportionate increase in the women’s prison population over the last ten years is more likely the result of courts using custody more frequently for women for less serious offences. The Corsten Report (2007) states ‘the majority of female offenders have committed non-violent offences and present little risk to the public’ (Corsten Report, 16: 2007) In light of the complexities involved regarding women receiving custodial sentences, should the criminal justice system be more lenient towards women? Nicolson and Bibbings (2000) claim that several penal reformers have been less concerned about whether or not gender factors actually do affect a woman’s chances of receiving a custodial penalty, and more concerned to argue that, for a variety of reasons, gender considerations should shape sentencing and that women in particular should not receive prison sentences, unless their crimes meet certain criteria of ‘dangerousness’ and/or ‘seriousness’. However, Nicolson and bibbing (2000) argue that the central concept implicit in this argument is not gender, but risk, that is, ‘the degree of threat posed by the offender’ (Nicolson and Bibbing, 78: 2000). If risk should be a major criterion for the imposition of a custodial penalty, it is arguable that it is a criterion that should be applicable in the cases of men, as in the cases of women. Practitioners within the probation service have a duty of care to all members of society. Therefore if a woman poses a risk to society it would be considered appropriate by the probation service to recommend a custodial sentence to prevent risk and protect society. A main argument put forward in regards to differential treatment for women in the criminal justice system is based on assumptions that there are hierarchies of role worth. ‘Women, as mothers, have especially important roles to play in relation to the upbringing of children and that the damage done to children when their mothers are in prison is, in most cases, far too high a price to pay to achieve an appearance of formal equality of punishment between male and female offenders.’ (Nicolson and Bibbing, 80: 2000) The Corsten Report (2007) claims that the home and children define many women’s lives. To take this away from them when it may be all that they have causes huge damage to women. ‘Many women still define themselves and are defined by others by their role in the family. It is an important component in our sense of identity and self-esteem. To become a prisoner is to almost become a bad mother.’ (Corsten Report, 20: 2007) On the other hand, this argument depends on the value assigned to certain social roles. According to Nicolson and Bibbing (2000) it could equally be applied to any categories of worker seen to perform life enhancing work or scarce skills, for example, doctors, nurses, fathers as breadwinners, all carers and various more. Therefore, this argument cannot be allowed to remain gender-specific. Hollin and Palmer (2006) state that by examining criminal statistics, it is evident that women are less likely than men to commit crime, to be involved with the criminal justice system and to serve a custodial sentence. According to the Ministry of Justice criminal statistics (2011) there were 351,150 court proceedings involving females and 1,139,135 involving males. In regards to custodial sentencing; in 2011, a lower proportion of women in comparison to men, whose pre-sentence report recommended immediate custody went on to receive this sentence (84% of women compared to 90% of men). This research indicates that statistically, men are more likely to commit crime. The Corsten Report (2007) further analysed risk within women’s role in the criminal justice system and claim that many women involved in the system present a far greater risk to themselves. They have been recognised as more ‘troubled’ than ‘troublesome’. ‘Many have a history of being subjected to serious sexual or other violent abuse. Many are themselves ‘victims’ in whose favour the government is committed to rebalance the criminal justice system’ (Corsten Report, 17: 2007). The argument highlighted by the Corsten Report (2007) is that many women in prison have suffered sexual and domestic abuse, therefore, the state should spend more time seeking out and punishing the crimes of sexual and violence that are routinely committed against women, rather than punishing those women whose criminal lifestyles have often been prompted by their past experience with their criminal tormentors, who still remain unpunished for their crimes. This could have implications for social work practice. Therefore, past experiences should always been taken into consideration when making recommendations within a probation report. Sexual and domestic abuse may feature to a higher degree in the case of female offenders. This should be highlighted and taken into account when making recommendations. None the less, not all victims of sexual crimes are female and we also need to consider young people of all genders. Nicolson and Bibbing (2000) argue that recent research indicates that high proportions of young people who end up homeless, in state care or penal custody have had serious crimes committed against them by adults, who will never be brought to trial. The same research suggests that ‘these adult depredations often occasion their young victims’ first steps into criminal trouble’ (Nicolson and Bibbing, 79: 2000). Nicolson and Bibbing (2000) argue that recent research indicates that high proportions of young people who end up homeless, in state care or penal custody have had serious crimes committed against them by adults, who will never be brought to trial. The same research suggests that ‘these adult depredations often occasion their young victims’ first steps into criminal trouble’ (Nicolson and Bibbing, 79: 2000). Nicolson and Bibbing (2000) conclude that although this imbalance of punishment between the old and the young people does not excuse the crimes of young people who were criminally abused in childhood by their elders, it does call into question the state’s right to punish them as if they were solely to blame for their actions. Therefore, the argument highlighted by the Corsten Report (20007) should not only apply to women who have had criminal offences committed against them in childhood but also men who have been similarly abused as children. As stated previously, there has been an increase of drug related crimes among women. Drug addiction plays a huge part in all offending and this seems to be disproportionately the case with women. ‘Around seventy per cent of women coming into custody require clinical detoxification compared with fifty per cent of men. Women often have more complex poly substance misuse.’ (Corsten Report, 2007: 19) According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and rimes (2008) a large number of female prisoners worldwide are in need of treatment for substance addiction, though only a minority have access to treatment. McIvor (2004) argues that drug use amongst the most common features of women in custody in many countries. In the USA, ‘a national survey showed that women in prison used more drugs and used them more frequently than male prisoners. (McIvor, 2004: 143) It is arguable that women withdrawing from drugs and alcohol can be impulsive, volatile and unpredictable, leading to higher risk of self-injury. According to Moller et al (2007) the rate of both self-harm and self-inflicted deaths is substantially higher in prisons than in the community, with women being fourteen times more likely than men to injure themselves while in prison. The Corsten Report (2007) supports Moller et al (2007) highlighting that in 2005, notwithstanding the small number of women in prison compared with men, fifty-six percent of all recorded incidents of self-harm occurred in the female estate. In the first nine months of 2006 self-harm incidents in the female estate accounted for fifty-one per cent of all incidents. Women are also more prone to self-harm repeatedly. Moller et al’s (2007) argument, backed up by the Corsten Report (2007) brings to light that self-harm in prison is a huge problem and more prevalent among women prisoners. In 2005, over half of all inmates, in the USA, in state or federal prisons and jails met criteria for classification with a mental health problem. According to Mallach and McIvor (2013) the prison population in England and Wales contains a high prevalence of mental health problems, with one study suggesting that over ninety per cent of prisoners have one or more psychiatric disorders. The Corsten Report (2007) argues that mental health problems are far more prevalent among women in prison than in the male prison population or in the general population. ‘Up to eighty per cent of women in prison have diagnosable mental health problems.’ (Corsten Report, 19: 2007) Mallach and McIvor (2013) further reinforce this argument by claiming that female prisoners are considered to be more likely to experience mental health problems and to have more complex levels of mental health need. The above research may have implications for social work practice within the criminal justice system and it is important that mental health is taken into consideration when making recommendations and adequate resources for women with mental health issues should be available within the prison system if they pose a risk to society. In conclusion, this essay has demonstrated that if society wants equal outcomes for female offenders then it may require different approaches within the criminal justice system. The behavioural and situational differences dictate different approaches are required. This is exemplified in the case of pregnant women who require specific needs and special consideration, as this can have implications for society as a whole. On the other hand, the judicial protection of women could be seen as an ideological front for patriarchy, in that traditional roles are reinforced within society. Historical research indicates that women’s offences differ from men’s. None the less, there is a growing trend for women to be involved with drug offences. The Carsten Report (2007) has highlighted that mental health problems are far more prevalent among women in prison than in the male prison population. This may be due to the fact that many women in prison have suffered sexual and domestic abuse. This highlights that women are still oppressed within society and that the criminal justice system has failed to recognise this issue. The prison system is also more geared to the needs of male offenders and offers inadequate resources to female offenders. Corston Report. (2007) A review of women with particular vulnerabilities in the Criminal justice system. London: Crown Publication. Covington, S and Bloom, B. (2003) Gendered Justice: Women in the Criminal Justice System. USA: Carolina Academic Press. Hollin, C and Palmer, E. (2006) Criminogenic need and women offenders: A critique of the literature. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 11, pp179-195. Malloch, M and McIvor, G. (2013) Women, Punishment and Social Justice: Human Rights and Penal Practices. London: Routledge. McIvor, G. (2004) Women Who Offend. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Mà ¸ller, L. Gatherer, A. Jà ¼rgens, R. Stà ¶ver, H. Nikogosian, H. (2007) Health in Prisons: A WHO Guide to the Essentials in Prison Health. WHO Regional Office Europe. Nicolson, D and Bibbings, L. (2000) Feminist Perspectives on Criminal Law. Cavendish. Scratan, P and Moore, L. (2006) Degardation, Harm and Survival in Women’s Prison. Social Policy and Society, 5, pp 67-78. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2008) Handbook for Prison Managers and Policymakers on Women and Imprisonment. United Nations Publications. Warner, J. (2012) Women and Crime. ABC-CLIO Criminal Justice Inspection Northern Ireland: Report on an announced inspection of Ash House, Hydebank Wood Women’s Prison. 18 22 February 2013 Ministry of Justice. (2011) Statistics of Women and the Criminal Justice System. https://www.gov.uk/life-in-prison/pregnancy-and-childcare-in-prison Accessed 18/12/2013 20:36 1

Mass Communication :: Communication Essay

Mass communication, by definition, is the process in which professional communication using technological devises share messages over great distances to influence large audiences. The technology of modern mass communication results from the confluence of many types of inventions and discoveries, some of which ( the printing press, for instance) actually preceded the Industrial Revolution. Technological ingenuity of the 19th and 20th centuries has developed the newer means of mass communication, particularly broadcasting, without which the present near- global diffusion of printed words, pictures, and sounds would have been impossible. The steam printing press, radio, motion pictures, television, and sound recordings- as well as systems of mass production and distribution- were necessary before public communication, in its present form, might occur. What I would like to discuss now is the actual process of mass communication and how it works. In mass communication, a professional communicator is the source, someone who shares information, ideas, or attitudes with someone else. The source may be an author, a newspaper reporter, a television reporter, or an announcer. The technological devices are the channels, or the means by which the message was sent. An example of this would be that radio and television messages are transmitted via cable and satellite systems. The message is whatever the source attempts to share with another person. In mass communication, the large audience comprises the receivers, the people who are the attended recipients of the message. Occasionally a receiver of the message will sent feedback to the source, that is, a response that allows the source to determine if the message was correctly understood. In mass communication feedback can be conveyed through a letter to the editor, for instance, or a telephone call to a television station. There are several reasons why it is important to understand the process off mass communication. Probably the most important is that by understanding the process of mass communication we will learn to think critically about the messages the media send us. We will become more thoughtful media consumers.

Ultra Endurance Exercise vs. Endurance Exercise Essay -- Health

Since the dawn of humankind, exercise has been a part of our existence, either consciously or unconsciously. Primal beings would run, climb trees, and sling weapons in order to survive and provide food, clothing, and other lifeline necessities for themselves and their families. As they continue to hunt on a daily basis, they unconsciously would build and maintain their cardiovascular system as they travel further to survive. Approximately 400 BC, the Hippocrates mention about exercise in great detail. If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the most effective way to sustain good health. Today, we are living in a time of great ideas and new thoughts as people seriously start to study the importance and relevance of physical exercise. Dr. Kenneth Cooper from the Cooper Wellness Institute coined the word â€Å"aerobic† which means living with air. Dr. Cooper added an â€Å"s† at th e end of verb, and a phenomenon has been born. There are 41 types of aerobic exercises as we know it today ranging from walking to stair climbing, swimming to cycling [1]. Society today continues to live longer. In 2009 the average human lifespan of both sexes from birth in the United States is 78.5 years, an increase from 78.1 years in 2008 [2]. This is due to society as a whole making better nutritional choices, cutting out the toxins introduced into their bodies, and establishing and maintaining an exercise program. In result, society today is living longer and healthier. The quote by Scintilla Fly saying, â€Å"more is better and too much is never enough† may work in terms of business and education, but how much is too much in regards from an endurance exercise discipline to u... .... Works Cited 1. Cooper Wellness Institute 2. US Surgeon General, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3. Heather Fink, Lisa A. Burgoon, Alan E. Mikesky , Practical Applications in Sports Nutrition, Ch 12 4. FIT & WELL 8TH Edition By: Thomas D. Fahey, Paul M. Insel, Walton T. Roth 5. Knez WL, Coombes JS, and Jenkins DG. Ultra-endurance exercise and oxidative damage: implications for cardiovascular health. Sports Med. 36:429-441, 2006 6. Gleeson M, Nieman DC, and Pedersen BK. Exercise, nutrition and immune function. J Sport Sci. 22:115-125, 2004 7. Symptomatic hyponatremia during prolonged exercise in heat. Armstrong LE. Curtis WC. Hubbard RW. Francesconi RP.Moore R. Askew EW.Source: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 25(5):543-9, 1993 May 8. Rehrer NJ. Fluid and electrolyte balance in ultra-endurance sport. Sports Med. 31:701-715, 2001 Ultra Endurance Exercise vs. Endurance Exercise Essay -- Health Since the dawn of humankind, exercise has been a part of our existence, either consciously or unconsciously. Primal beings would run, climb trees, and sling weapons in order to survive and provide food, clothing, and other lifeline necessities for themselves and their families. As they continue to hunt on a daily basis, they unconsciously would build and maintain their cardiovascular system as they travel further to survive. Approximately 400 BC, the Hippocrates mention about exercise in great detail. If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the most effective way to sustain good health. Today, we are living in a time of great ideas and new thoughts as people seriously start to study the importance and relevance of physical exercise. Dr. Kenneth Cooper from the Cooper Wellness Institute coined the word â€Å"aerobic† which means living with air. Dr. Cooper added an â€Å"s† at th e end of verb, and a phenomenon has been born. There are 41 types of aerobic exercises as we know it today ranging from walking to stair climbing, swimming to cycling [1]. Society today continues to live longer. In 2009 the average human lifespan of both sexes from birth in the United States is 78.5 years, an increase from 78.1 years in 2008 [2]. This is due to society as a whole making better nutritional choices, cutting out the toxins introduced into their bodies, and establishing and maintaining an exercise program. In result, society today is living longer and healthier. The quote by Scintilla Fly saying, â€Å"more is better and too much is never enough† may work in terms of business and education, but how much is too much in regards from an endurance exercise discipline to u... .... Works Cited 1. Cooper Wellness Institute 2. US Surgeon General, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3. Heather Fink, Lisa A. Burgoon, Alan E. Mikesky , Practical Applications in Sports Nutrition, Ch 12 4. FIT & WELL 8TH Edition By: Thomas D. Fahey, Paul M. Insel, Walton T. Roth 5. Knez WL, Coombes JS, and Jenkins DG. Ultra-endurance exercise and oxidative damage: implications for cardiovascular health. Sports Med. 36:429-441, 2006 6. Gleeson M, Nieman DC, and Pedersen BK. Exercise, nutrition and immune function. J Sport Sci. 22:115-125, 2004 7. Symptomatic hyponatremia during prolonged exercise in heat. Armstrong LE. Curtis WC. Hubbard RW. Francesconi RP.Moore R. Askew EW.Source: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 25(5):543-9, 1993 May 8. Rehrer NJ. Fluid and electrolyte balance in ultra-endurance sport. Sports Med. 31:701-715, 2001

Free Candide Essays: The Human Corruption :: Candide essays

Human Corruption in Candide According to Voltaire, Man's goal is his own happiness.   This goal all too often is a mirage. (Gay 26)  Ã‚   Man is the prey of his own passion, victim of his own stupidity.   Man is the play thing of fate. (Gay 26)  Ã‚   The human condition is set with ills that no amount of rationality can cure. (Gay 27)  Ã‚  Ã‚   This human condition translates to human corruption. Voltaire hints of this corruption through Candide.   Candide impacted society as Voltaire knew it.   English Admirals that loose battles are no longer shot as object lessons in military perseverance. (Weitz 11)  Ã‚   However, there is very little lessening in our time, of the human scourges of war, famine, rape, avarice, persecution, bigotry, superstition, intolerance, and hypocrisy that make up this element of human corruption that is addressed in Candide.   Candide still serves as an effectual whip with which to lash once again the perpetuators of this suffering. (Weitz 12) The theme of human misery is Voltaire's primary achievement in integrating philosophy and literature in Candide. (Weitz 12)  Ã‚   "Do you think," asks Candide of Martin as they approached the coast of France,"that men have always massacred each other, as they do today that they have always been false, faithless, ungrateful, thieving, weak, inconstant, mean spirited, envious, greedy, drunken, miserly, ambitious, bloody, slanderous, debauched, fanatic, hypocritical, and stupid?".   Martin replies with further question." do you think that hawks have always eaten pigeons when they could find them?" "of course I do" Candide answers.   Martin responds,"well, if hawks have always had the same character, why should you suppose men have changed theirs?". Although survey of the characters in the novel certainly supports much of this assessment by Martin, one need think only of the snobbish Baron, the knavish Dutch captain, Vanderbendur, the Brazilian Governor, the bestial Bat avian sailor, the hypocritical Jesuits, the avaricious Jews, and the thieving abbe' from Perigord. Free Candide Essays: The Human Corruption :: Candide essays Human Corruption in Candide According to Voltaire, Man's goal is his own happiness.   This goal all too often is a mirage. (Gay 26)  Ã‚   Man is the prey of his own passion, victim of his own stupidity.   Man is the play thing of fate. (Gay 26)  Ã‚   The human condition is set with ills that no amount of rationality can cure. (Gay 27)  Ã‚  Ã‚   This human condition translates to human corruption. Voltaire hints of this corruption through Candide.   Candide impacted society as Voltaire knew it.   English Admirals that loose battles are no longer shot as object lessons in military perseverance. (Weitz 11)  Ã‚   However, there is very little lessening in our time, of the human scourges of war, famine, rape, avarice, persecution, bigotry, superstition, intolerance, and hypocrisy that make up this element of human corruption that is addressed in Candide.   Candide still serves as an effectual whip with which to lash once again the perpetuators of this suffering. (Weitz 12) The theme of human misery is Voltaire's primary achievement in integrating philosophy and literature in Candide. (Weitz 12)  Ã‚   "Do you think," asks Candide of Martin as they approached the coast of France,"that men have always massacred each other, as they do today that they have always been false, faithless, ungrateful, thieving, weak, inconstant, mean spirited, envious, greedy, drunken, miserly, ambitious, bloody, slanderous, debauched, fanatic, hypocritical, and stupid?".   Martin replies with further question." do you think that hawks have always eaten pigeons when they could find them?" "of course I do" Candide answers.   Martin responds,"well, if hawks have always had the same character, why should you suppose men have changed theirs?". Although survey of the characters in the novel certainly supports much of this assessment by Martin, one need think only of the snobbish Baron, the knavish Dutch captain, Vanderbendur, the Brazilian Governor, the bestial Bat avian sailor, the hypocritical Jesuits, the avaricious Jews, and the thieving abbe' from Perigord.

The Basseri of Iran: the Tent People

The Basseri are pastoral nomads that live in Iran and migrate along steppes and mountains throughout the year. The groups they live in are typically divided by independent households referred to as tents. They have a very deliberate political structure and are well organized. Their leaders have to lead somewhat for the people because if the common Basseri do not agree or believe in the chief then they will take their herd to an alternative chief. The Basseri of Iran are a very traditional and focused community, the following pages should give you a small glimpse into their daily lives, their beliefs values and culture. The Basseri culture is made up of individual households which are referred to as tents. Each tent has independent ownership of the property in the tent unit and the livestock. The man is the head of his own tent. For ease they will combine multiple tents and herds the animals together. The Basseri break camp and move completely every three to four days. This is not uncommon to them, it’s their way of life. The women and children typically break down camp and move to the new location and set camp back up while the men herd the animals. Headmen are leaders of a camp that are recognized by the Basseri chief. There can also be what is called a White Beard, which is an informal leader that represents the camp if there is not a Headmen in the camp. These leaders represent each camp in political and administrative ways. Headmen can communicate much more freely with the Basseri chief than a common tribe member. The chief does not give them authority though. (Johnson, 1996) The Basseri chief is over a large centralized political system. He has extreme authority over all the members of the Basseri tribe. The chief is often own as the Khan. The Khan can give orders to anyone in the tribe and they must obey. This is called the omnipotent Khan. The chief status is shown by his urban villas or larger tents. All the members of the tribe acknowledge his authority and treat his immediate family almost as royalty as well. The Basseri faith is Shia Muslims. However, they do not follow the customs and rituals as the other Islamic followers. Their customers and rituals are based more on the life cycles and not religion. They do rituals and celebrate births, death, coming of age, etc. The fast of Ramadan and the feast of Moharram, which are of central importance to the surrounding Muslims, are observed only by a few Basseri. (Johnson, 1996)

Formation of National Bank Essay

            In American history, banks are among the oldest business structure and one of the largest, oldest and important industries. The structure of the bank is in a way that is accessible to each citizen although banks and banking seems to work mysterious. The bank serves economic functions in operating a payment system although modern economy is boosted with an efficient payment system in swiping cards, atm. The establishment of the National Bank from Hamilton efforts to start fight for the needs and what would help the country to create free enterprise opportunity. The authority bill advocates the start of National Bank in American.            Alexander Hamilton is the sole proprietor of national bank. Being the secretary of treasury, Hamilton has suggested benefits the country would have from the national bank comparing it with the banks of England. He wanted a national bank to be created where the federal government could achieve their appropriate goals, keeping their money and insuring their properties. He was convinced that the tenth amendment was the appropriate mean and a proper constitution in specified albeit. On the contrary, Jefferson vehemently opposed Hamilton contributions on the matters of financial policy as the tenth amendment interpretation of the on the policies (Sylla, Wright & Cowen, 2009). Jefferson argues constitutionally that the Federal government has no authority to give any bank a go forward document. Nonetheless after the world war era Washington adopted Hamilton ideas and gave the first National bank 20 years charter in 1791 (Rhoades, 2010). Alexander Hamilton organized a move ment advocating the creation of a central bank due to financial constraint after the end war.            The bank plays an important part in entrepreneurship in to the republicans; bank has played a crucial part in storing money stock for the country. The bank makes legal tender by holding obligated reserves in exchange request. The National bank offers financial intermediation in investing money we deposit by lending it to business enterprises and households they want to credit. The world is becoming competitive and small businesses rise have done well. The banks today copies Hamilton evolution of National bank. Banks creates profit with the stockholders by charging debtors more for loans than they pay those who deposit the money. The entrepreneurial spirit is very stable and stronger today in academic recognition and entrepreneur and economic crisis (Ciobotaru, 2013). This creates opportunities for the Native American to feel free to get loan giving them the ability to start business for themselves. They offer loan with small interest, which they pay regularly.          It provides intermediate functions of the bank as it finance many generation of entrepreneurs and other business builds American economy. Moreover, the bank plays a common role in the society. It acts as the power point of all evolving enterprise in America business firms for strengthening capital regulation and official regulation agencies. In addition, private banks also serve as a monitor in provision of information with collaboration with the National bank. Conclusion            In fact, Hamilton contribution to evolution of National bank has inspired many in life. He had focused in the future and saw the need of banks to provoke the spirit of entrepreneurs in young generation. Through financing the community, banks have benefited from the interests from the debtors making it to flourish in business and country economic development. We should embrace these ideas of bank to benefit from its resources. Reference Ciobotaru, A. (2013). Entrepreneurial education as a society project. An essay on the conceptualization of the spirit of initiative and entrepreneurship in educational field. Review Of Economic Studies & Research Virgil Madgearu,  6(1), 41-76. Rhoades, S. A. (2010).  Bank mergers and banking structure in the United States, 1980-98. Diane Publishing. Sylla, R., Wright, R. E., & Cowen, D. J. (2009). Alexander Hamilton, central banker: crisis management during the US financial panic of 1792.  Business History Review,  83(01), 61-86. Source document

Conflict Essay

The bringing of people together in social interaction necessarily involves a set of interpersonal dynamics which sooner or later will lead to conflict. Conflict between people or groups often arises from competition for resources, power, and status. Family members compete for attention. Individuals compete for jobs and wealth. Nations compete for territory and prestige. Different interest groups compete for influence and the power to make rules. Often the competition is not for resources but for ideas, one person or group wants to have the ideas or behaviour of another group suppressed, punished, or declared illegal. When you consider what a diverse society we live in, with so many different backgrounds, perspectives and approaches to life, it is not surprising that conflict is established as part and parcel of our everyday life. This is because people will have competing interests and competing perspectives in relation to the same issues, and so we should not be surprised when tensions exist between individuals and groups. Conflict is concerned with difference. If we were all the same, then there would be little or no conflict. However, thankfully we are not all the same, and so part of the price that we pay for the richness of diversity is that conflicts will arise at certain times. Conflicts are inevitable in one’s organizational life and personal life. Conflict tends to have negative consequences for both the individual and the organization. Performance is adversely affected. Decisions made may not be appropriate. Occasionally, they might even be unrealistic or irrational. Thus, conflicts tend to impair one’s efficiency. Sometimes, conflict is also observed to give rise to certain maladjusted behaviours in individuals trying to cope with it. These include alcoholism, drug abuse, excessive smoking, under eating or overeating and extremely aggressive or submissive behaviour. Conflict has also certain physiological consequences in that, certain changes take place within the physiological system which are often ignored or unnoticed. Hence, it may be understood that conflict not only affects an individual’s performance, but also gives rise to psychosomatic disturbances, which undermine the health of the individual. It can also be argued that conflicts are not necessarily bad. The progress we have made so far in our civilization is due to the conflict between nature & man. Conflict releases energy at every level of human activity, energy that can produce positive, constructive results. Conflicts tend to have a motivational value; they drive or energize an individual to tackle a situation. To resolve a conflict one might explore different avenues or alternatives of action, which make him/her more knowledgeable. Conflicts also provide opportunities to test one’s own abilities. Conflict can occur at personal level, interpersonal level, group level. It can be latent or covert. Causes of Conflict 1. Conflicts arise when people are competing for the same resources, when they are not fairly distributed or when there are not enough to go round. 2. Conflicts arise when the people are unhappy with how they are governed. 3. Conflicts arise when people’s beliefs clash. Religious and political views are particularly sensitive, because people often depend on these for a sense of identity and belonging. Sometimes the conflict is caused by a religious/political group being attacked; sometimes it is because the group is eager to spread a particular belief and even enforce it on others. Some leaders may aggravate religious and political differences as part of their tactics for keeping or gaining power. 4. In the same way ethnic differences can cause conflict, or be made to cause it. Again, people’s ethnicity gives them a sense of identity and belonging, and it is threats to this sense which can cause violent responses, just as individuals may lash out with angry words or gestures when they feel threatened. Causes of conflict in the work place The cause of workplace conflict is often misunderstood and blamed on personalities and misbehaviour, but in reality much workplace conflict is systemic and endemic to the workplace environment. Ineffective organisational systems, unpredictable policies, incompatible goals, scarce resources, and poor communication can all contribute to conflict in the workplace. Workplace conflict causes loss of productivity, distractions, and employee dissatisfaction. However, management can produce positive results by paying attention to and addressing the true causes of conflict in their organisations. Managing conflict Managing a conflict contains specialized interaction that prevents a dispute from becoming a destructive battle. Managing a conflict attends to the personal issues so as to allow for a constructive relationship, even though the objective issues may not be resolvable. For example, the former Soviet Union and the United States managed their conflict during the Cold War by using a variety of mechanisms. The objective issues in the dispute were not resolved, and neither were the personal issues, which contained significant perceptual differences. However, both sides attended significantly to the relationship to keep the disagreement from turning into a destructive battle. Ways people deal with conflict There is no one best way to deal with conflict. It depends on the current situation. Here are the major ways that people use to deal with conflict. 1. Avoidance. Pretend it is not there or ignore it. Usually this approach tends to worsen the conflict over time. 2. Accommodation. Give in to others, sometimes to the extent that you compromise yourself. Usually this approach tends to worsen the conflict over time, and causes conflicts within yourself. 3.  Competition. Work to get your way, rather than clarifying and addressing the issue. 4. Compromising. Mutual give-and-take. 5. Collaboration. Focus on working together. This approach sometimes raises new mutual needs. Effects of conflict Conflicts have positive and negative effects. They can lead to change if they are well managed, they can be used as a learning experience and they can be used to open up opportunities. However, prolonged conflicts can erupt into violence and disrupt the activities of the organisation, they may also damage relationships permanently and they can also lead to the death of an organisation. Change Most of us live and think as if the world were static, or as if it should be. As individuals, as professionals, and as members or leaders of organizations, too often the way we act, plan, and react betrays the assumption that tomorrow will be much like today, that we’ll slide by all right if we just get a little better, a little smarter, at doing what we are already doing. Some people, and some organizations, fall apart in the face of change. They seem well organized until something changes in their environment. According to Robbins (1999), change is concerned with making things different. Things must be different because they change constantly. When an organizational system is disturbed by some internal or external force, change frequently occurs. Change as a process, is simply modification of the structure or process of a system. It may be good or bad, the concept is descriptive only. † It may be constructive, destructive, comfortable or uncomfortable. People and organizations seem to have a pattern over their lifetimes. People and organizations that thrive on change share some fundamental attributes. Change is fractal: its basic nature looks the same at different scales. So the attributes that make an organization powerfully adaptive also make a relationship flexible and fruitful, a community liveable, and an individual creative, adaptive, and secure in the midst of turbulence. It is not possible to change an organization without changing oneself. Changing oneself will change an organization. The two are inextricably linked. If people seriously intend to help their organization go through the massive changes, they must set out on a path of changing their own lives, of learning the skills of change and applying them first to themselves. Any change is, in part, physical. It can be understood in one’s head, but until it lives in their body, it won’t change their behaviour. If a person wishes to be different, that person must learn to move differently, to make different physical decisions. â€Å"Stick to your knitting,† turns out to be a useful thought for dealing with change. However, at the core of every truth is a fallacy, a route to a deeper truth. The fallacy at the core of â€Å"stick to your knitting† is the invitation not to change, to stay satisfied with the way we are. Many of us have a grudging acceptance of the need to change. The reality is that every change is a new skill, one that takes time and attention to learn. If I wait to change until I am forced to it, I will be too late. To wait until change is forced on me is to stay perpetually behind on the learning curve. Whenever a person is trying to change something in his life, they should always remember that change without getting rid of the beliefs that cause the current behaviour or feelings is almost impossible. Furthermore, change probably is difficult when one is onvinced that they either saw or felt the belief causing their current behaviour or feeling on numerous occasions earlier in life. When they realize they never saw their belief and they caused the feeling, not reality, their belief will just dissolve. Today change is the essential of survival and a way of carrying out business. Every business firm whether big or small has to change with time or it will perish. This change along with it brings insecurities and pain that forces human beings or individuals to come out of their comfort zones to zone of uncomfortable debate and this leads to resistance to change.

Vandalism in Street Art

Art has been involved in the human society since day one. The first appearance of art that was discovered were the cave paintings in France which date back to 32,000 years ago. These paintings were created on walls, meaning they were meant to be seen by everyone. Street art is very similar, because it is art work that is displayed on a public level, similar to the cave paintings thousands of years ago. Street Art is a new movement in today’s art society that is taking the world by storm. In street art the artist’s works are displayed for the world to see.Artist use urban environments such as buildings, sidewalks, streets, and walls as there canvas to create spectacular works of art for everyone to see. Artist display their work in public spaces by using paint, spray paint, stencils, stickers, and installations. Street art takes everyday objects we see and transforms them into something extraordinary. Designs of faces cartoons, political figures, pictures, illusions, scu lptures and statues can be seen on the side of large buildings, asphalt, billboards, everyday walls, and even through traffic signs. Lewisohn 3)Seeing this art work on the side of a ten story building can be breathtaking, and the question comes into play, how did it get there? Well the first thing that is needed to create street art is an artist. The artist will than choose a location were he/she best feels the art needs to be. A location is half of the process, a good location can take weeks to find than there is the process of scoping it out for cameras, law enforcement, traffic in the local area and most importantly when will the operation take place.These are all vital pieces of information to successfully create a street art master piece. So, there is a location and a set time, now the second half of the process begins. When arriving to the location there needs to an idea of what is going to happen, game plan. The game plan for most artists is to be stealthy, quick and effectiv e. As the artist approaches the wall he/she has their materials at hand ready to go. Depending on what street art genre is about to be create there is a need for different materials.The materials used to create a propaganda poster that will be placed on the wall are the poster , adhesive glue in a bucket and a rolling paint brush. is to the wall and the first artist roll on adhesive glue all over the wall with their brush, They then apply the poster over the glue by rolling it out and then brush more glue on top of it to protect it from the elements and insure a long viewing life. Final step Walk away and admire the beauty of street art. With the popularity of street art growing and more art work appearing, local law enforcements are noticing the amount of street art.To law enforcement officers street art is seen as an act of vandalism, which is punishable by state law. Though street art can be considered an act of vandalism at the state level, it will never be punishable under fede ral law. The laws of America are created under the United States Constitution. The constitution is federal law, which indicates that all fifty states most abide by those set laws. This includes many crimes that, if they did not occur on U. S. federal property would otherwise fall under state or local law.Within the state there can be state laws created by the state legislature and then be signed into law by the state governor. Each state has its own set of laws that state citizens abide by. With individual state laws comes individual state punishment. Every crime is punishable by law and every state has their way of handle it. ( Eichelkraut) So, what is vandalism a federal law or a state law? Vandalism is covered by state laws, and changes by state. Some states refer to vandalism as â€Å"criminal damage†, â€Å"malicious trespass â€Å"and â€Å"malicious mischief†.In an effort to control the impact of vandalism, many states have specific laws that may decrease cert ain forms of vandalism. For example, some states have local â€Å"aerosol container laws† that limit the purchase of spray paint containers or other â€Å"vandalism tools† which could be used for graffiti or vandalism purposes. (Eichelkraut ) These local laws help prevent graffiti but what is the difference compared to street art. Graffiti is the name for images or lettering scratched, scrawled, painted or marked in any manner on property. These markings are known as â€Å"tags†.Tags can be considered any type of public markings that may appear in the forms of simple written words to elaborate wall paintings. A high percentage of graffiti and tags are gang related. The goal of a tag is to mark territory by displaying their trademarks on hard-to-reach places, like billboards and the tops of buildings. The more places they go the more they are recognized. If there are two taggers in the same area they will compete to display their trademarks more and in unique pla ces. (Lewisohn ) It is the same concept in street art but with more of a political or social message that makes the asser buy ponder on what he/she saw. Street artist do the same thing the more their art work is seen the more well known it becomes. They have their art displayed were ever they can. Remove the word street from street art and there is just art, it could be hanging in a museum or on display in a building but when street is added to art it transforms into art in the streets. That’s what street art is, beautiful subjective master pieces that were created by the hands of an artist to be critiqued by the public.There are many genres of art that fall underneath street art and graffiti is one of them. Street art cannot be generalized down into one genre such as graffiti but it all can be defined as vandalism. The artists in the act of creating art know that it is illegal, they know the consequences of being caught but they take the risk of being caught so that their ar t will be seen. It is simple, street artist know what they are doing is considered vandalism, and that it is punishable by increasing levels of fines, jail time and community service.While law enforcement officers are keeping a closer eye on the scene of street art, graffiti and vandalism, there are still and will always be street artist getting away with their art being displayed all over the world. Few artist, such as Banksy, Invader, are incognito and the higher authorities do not identify who they are or how to find them. These artists have large works that are well known all around Europe, Middle East and American. If an artist of this magnitude were to be caught what would there criminal punishment be?When a criminal is caught their crimes are categorized in state law as either a misdemeanor a felony but if the crime is adequate it will be tried as a federal offence. A misdemeanor is considered a crime of low seriousness, and a felony one of high seriousness in state. A federa l offence is any law that goes against U. S. Legislature. The act of vandalism will be giving a misdemeanor or a felony never will it be taking to federal charges (Eichelkraut ). The punishment for vandalism does not need to be taking any further than in state law because state law officers are cracking down on vandalism.If vandalism grows to increasing numbers and cities become overwhelmed than vandalism will become a federal offence. And if vandalism is tried as a federal crime, would the jail sentence for the defendant be the same or will the difference be that the time served is in Federal prison. The fines and warnings given out buy local law enforcement officers are keeping vandalism under wraps, there does not need to be federal agents patrolling the street to look after empty brick walls and street signs. Even the most severe cases of street art vandalism have never been giving a federal sentence and that’s how it will stay.For example a local street artist outside of Pittsburgh was arrested and sentenced two and half years to five years in jail due to over $700,000 in damages to private and public property. And when he is released from prison, he will owe $234,000 in restoration and be expected to serve 2,500 hours of community service. (Sudbanthad) This punishment is the most severe sentence that has happened in the street art world. On the other hand, Shepard Fairey, a famous street artist who invented the Obama campaign posters, was charged with vandalism in Boston, Ma.His charges were on misdemeanor level where he had to appear in court, Fairey was told not to carry any street art supplies with him when he is in Boston or he will be fined. There are many ways inside state laws that the government will reprimand street art vandalism. There is no set punishment for vandalism weather it’s done with spray paint or paper and a roller each penalty will depend on the severity of the crime. For an unknown artist serving behind bars because h e continued what he loved, it’s worth it for him in the end.Vandalism in any area is a crime but artists, do it for people who will not realize (at least for a few moments) that what you have done is art. Avoid recognizable art-categories, avoid politics, don't stick around to argue, don't be sentimental; be ruthless, take risks, vandalize only what MUST be defaced, do something children will remember all their lives. Dress up. Leave a false name. Be legendary. The best Poetic Terrorism is against the law, but don't get caught. (underspary) Create Art as crime and think of crime as art.